Controlling Winfree turbulence in excitable media

It is believed that ventricular fibrillation is related to Winfree turbulence in three-dimensional excitable media and much attention has been directed towards how to eliminate effectively this kind of spatiotemporal chaos. We present two schemes to suppress Winfree turbulence: (1) Localized stimulations; these generate control waves which can successfully suppress existing turbulence and dominate the whole system; (2) Spatiotemporal modulation (traveling modulation) of the excitability; in this case, Winfree turbulence can also be eliminated by choosing suitable control parameters.