Brief discussion on cryogenic materials: exploring the behavior of matter in extreme cold environments

The cross-integration of cryogenic physics and materials science is propelling breakthroughs in a series of disruptive technologies. This paper explores the distinctive behaviors of materials under cryogenic conditions, with a focus on recent research advances in key areas including superconducting materials, materials that exhibit cryogenic electrical resistance characteristics, negative thermal expansion materials, and cryogenic structure materials. Through in-depth analyses of the performance of these materials under extreme cryogenic conditions and their applications in fields such as energy storage, aerospace technology, and medical equipment, we reveal the significant scientific implications and engineering value of research on cryogenic physical properties. Finally, we forecast the future trends of cryogenic material research, including development in areas such as intelligent design and multi-functional composite design.