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摘要: 19世纪，热力学、电磁学和能量科学的发展使精确测量成为物理研究的首要原则，从而对实验室产生了巨大的需求，大学教学和研究物理实验室也因此在19世纪60年代蓬勃发展。开尔文及其同时代物理学家基于实验室工作的科学成果和技术发明，有效地促进了工业文明发展和社会进步，同时也在科学研究、工业应用和教育等方面为物理学家创造了稳定的职业需求，物理学家和物理实验室也因此获得了足够的生存和发展空间，物理学建制化得以迅速实现。
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