Experimental discovery of the charm quark
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摘要: 文章回顾了粲夸克的实验发现历程。20世纪60年代,卡比博提出弱相互作用中的混合角理论,解释了奇异粒子的衰变,但无法完全解释K介子衰变速率的异常。1970年,格拉肖等人基于Glashow—Illiopolos—Maiani机制,预言了粲夸克的存在以解决这一矛盾。1974年,丁肇中团队在布鲁克海文国家实验室通过质子—铍靶实验发现了质量约3.1 GeV的J粒子,而里克特团队在斯坦福SPEAR对撞机上独立观测到同一能区的ψ粒子,后统称为J/ψ粒子。这一发现直接证实了粲夸克的存在,推动了标准模型的发展,被称为“十一月革命”。在粲夸克被发现之后,中国成功建成北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC),成为国际上粲物理研究的重要力量。粲夸克的发现不仅验证了理论预言,也为粒子物理学和高能实验技术的发展奠定了里程碑。Abstract: This article reviews the experimental discovery of the charm quark. In the 1960s, Nicola Cabibbo proposed the mixing angle theory in weak interactions to explain the decay of strange particles, but it failed to resolve the anomaly in the decay rate of K mesons. In 1970, Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani introduced the so-called GIM mechanism, predicting the existence of the charm quark to resolve this discrepancy. In 1974, Samuel C. C. Ting’s team at Brookhaven National Laboratory discovered the J particle (mass ~3.1 GeV) via proton-beryllium target experiments, while Burton Richter’s team independently observed the ψ particle at the SPEAR collider at Stanford. The unified discovery, named the J/ψ particle, directly confirmed the existence of the charm quark and marked the“November Revolution”in particle physics. Subsequent experiments identified charmonium states and charmed hadrons, advancing research in charm physics. After the discovery of the charm quark, China constructed the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC), becoming a key player in international charm physics research. The discovery of the charm quark not only validated theoretical predictions but also laid a cornerstone for the development of the Standard Model and high-energy experimental technologies.
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Keywords:
- charm quark /
- GIM mechanism /
- BEPC
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